The Relationship Between the Natives Americans and the Colonies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1105 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Tags: Relationship Essay Did you like this example? The Settlers and the Natives The Colonies relationship with the natives of the land that they colonied effected the way that the colonies evolve. From as early as the discovery of Roanoke in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh who captured two Native American back to England, bad blood had formed between the Chesapeake Colonies and the Native Americans. The New England Colonies had a very different relationship with the Natives, one which involed alliances and trade. Throughout history, these alliances and revolts has effected the way the colonies develop from Jamestown to Connecticut. Raleighs plan failed the first time and it is suspected that the Native Americans that once lived in Roanoke and the surrounding territories had slaughtered the first English Roanoke settlers that are reffered to as the Lost Colony. Due to the Native Americans the London Company settled in the marshy penninsula that is named Jamestown because the settlers feared that they would be attacked by the Native and thus assumed that it was safe. they were surrounded by wood, beyond which as occupied by the powerful powhatans. uring the period of 1609-1610 which was known as the starbving time, the settlers raided the Indians for food. in retribution, the local indians killed all the livestock and kept the colonists barricated. a decade later, due to the tabacco trade, jamestown was expanded into the indians terratories. this was permitted only because of the effective supprssion of the local indians. for a few years Sir thomas dale led assualts agaist the indians until he captured the powhat an chiefs daughter pocahontas. opechancanough did resume the terriorial attacts with the colonist. n 1622 the powhatans slaughtered 347 settlers were killed before they were defeated by the English. As Jamestown expanded further west into the indian lands, more and more border assults resulted. in 1644, Sir William Berkeley set up the group that captured the cheif opechananough, and kills him. this major event leaves the indians vulnerable yo the english and berkeley agrees to prohibit the colonists from settling west of the border that he made with the tribes. this was a failed attempt. for because of the civil war in england at the time, more people migrated to virgina creating a population of 40,000 people. hese peole created 3 new counties that were underepresented by the burgesses and became the backcounty. Nathaniel Bacon was on the governing council and a representative of the baccounty. and the backcounty is often plagued with indian attacts. bacon was angered because the go vernment is not talking caution to prevent these attacks and also because berkeley excluded bacon from the Green Fields and from the lucrative fur trades with the indians. the indians attack backcounty again killing one white servant. the colonists strike back attacking the offencers along with a very powerful indian tribe. oth sides attack back and forth. until bacon defies berkley and forms rebellion and attacks indians without berkleys consent. he is declared a rebel and removed from the council. in retribution he burns jamestown. bacons rebellion was the proof of the colonies reluctance to define the boundaries between the natives and the europeans and the natives reluctance to give up their lands to the europeans. Unlike their neighbors, the Maryland colonists experienced no hostility of any kind from the Indians. like the maryland colonists, the new england colonists were allies with ethe natives. his was mostly because the natives were already weak from diseases spread by the colonists and they realized that they need alliances with them in order to survice and also because the colonist were less hostile than the virgianians. al times the survival and development of the colonist depended on the indians. the indians taught the colonist how to adapt and survive in the new lands. they taugh them how to gather shellfish, hunt game, and cultivate corn. then there was squanto an english speaking natiove american that helped form the treaty with the Wampanoags lead by the Cheif Massaoit. fter the first sucessful harvest in 1621, they celebrated the alliance with Thanksgiving. the pilgrims also developed a fur trade with northern indians which eveorthntually halped to pay off their debts. the native american were gettin weaker due to their vulnerabily to the epidemics bought from europe with the settlers who had immunity to it. the natives were a greater force in the south thanin the north. those who were left after the epidemics often sold their land to the en glish and coverted to christianitry and became a part of the puritan society. he native american soomn became a huge part of the market that bought manufactured good to the point that each goup influenced the other in crutial ways. however in other foreign settlement the peoples demands to expand into indian territory became a major conflict as the main goals of the settlers was to raise livestock since the wildlife was over hunted. thus the colonists needed new lands to feed their livestock. before long, the new england colonists saw the indians as savages and barbarians as well and a threat to their society. hey wanted to reform rthem by converting them to christianity and introduce them to european culture. some puritans even just wanted to eliminate then outright. many conflys arose as the colonist took up even more land and their livestock riuned the crops of the indians until they converted to chrisanity because they were slowly all dying out from war, fod shortages and the ev er present epidemics. in the year 1637 the pequot war broke out between the connecticut valley settlers and the pequot indians over trade withe the dutch. he brutalitry inflicted by the english led by Captain John Masonincluded buring their villages and strongholds to the ground and burning them alive. those who managed to escape were hunted down and sold. another war known as King Phillips War broke out in 1635 between the Wampagoagss Metacomet and the massachusetts colonists because metacomets believe that guns were the only thing protecting their tribe from further invation into their terratory by the colinists. and despite the treaty of 1621, they attacted for years on the cities of massachusetts. he colonists finally fought back beginning in 1676 along with the Wampagoags enemiess, the Mohawks. they depleted their food and supply source and left them powerless, after which they were sold to slavery. the history between the indians and the colonists started out rocky and got wor se for the chesapeake colonies. the new england colonies started out friendly with the indians and that lasted more than 50 years until the indians felt threated and attacked the colonist. although the colonists defeated the Wamponoags, there are still possibility of attact from other surviving indian tribes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Relationship Between the Natives Americans and the Colonies" essay for you Create order

Christian Philosophy Of Education, Evangelism, And...

According to Schultz (2003) a Kingdom-focused education must be built on the following four points: Jesus Christ, A Biblical Philosophy of Education, Evangelism, and Discipleship. The most appropriate place for Kingdom education to start is in the family where children are taught that â€Å"only salvation in Christ can perfect a person† (Schultz, 2003, p.19). Because Kingdom education is rooted in development of a personal relationship with Christ it exists as a present reality and not a future physical kingdom (Schultz, 2003). The development of this relationship with Christ is a lifelong process that starts at birth and â€Å"continues 24 hours a day, 7 days a week† (Schultz, 2003). Parents bear the primary responsibility for this education in Christ and must be supported by born-again teachers who are also able â€Å"to teach children the gospel message† (Schultz, 2003, p.31). A proper Biblical Philosophy of Education enables students to be â€Å"transf ormed into the image of Christ† and â€Å"be fully equipped to serve Christ in everyday life† (Schultz, 2003, p. 39). The ultimate goal of Kingdom education is to develop a God-centered worldview that empowers learners to â€Å"think and act according to God’s ways† (Schultz, 2003, p. 49). Practicing a Christian Philosophy of education requires that a teacher’s actions are in accord with their words because â€Å"95% of the time students will reject the content and accept the conduct† (Schultz, 2003, p. 53). Schultz (2003) provided BiblicalShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Great Commission 1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Commission to Worship Todd Bush Liberty University EVAN 525-B08: Contemporary Evangelism May 29, 2016 Abstract The question may be asked, â€Å"what is the essence of being a Great Commission Worshipper?† David Wheeler and Vernon Whaley provides subtle element of what the significance is to being a Great Commission Worshipper – a man absolutely and similarly dedicated to evangelism and worship – and an otherworldly procedure that is formational, transformational, social, missionalRead MoreCritique on Kingdom Education Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesKingdom Education Summary Kingdom education is a process that begins with a child accepting Christ as their Lord and Savior and continues with the goal of that child reaching maturity in Christ. As such, evangelism and discipleship are part of a kingdom education that will train children to know God and have a biblical worldview. This worldview is taught through Bible stories, but is also incorporated into every subject and into educational methods that reflect a biblical philosophy. UltimatelyRead MoreEssay on Disciple Making Plan3353 Words   |  14 Pagesnot a specific area of town that focuses on any one of these cultural groups. Thus, the integration of all these people is desired for the church’s population. We already have ages in this body ranging from very young children with little to no Christian influences to a widowed wife of a former pastor. There are teenaged young people that have come from time to time. The majority of who has been in regular attendance has been mid-thirties to young fifties. The senior pastor has expressed his desireRead MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 PagesVersion. Copyright  © 1973, 1978, 1984, International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Bible Publishers. Bible texts credited to RSV are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright  © 1946, 1952, 1971, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. Used by permission. Texts credited to RV are from The Holy Bible, Revised Version, Oxford University Press, 1911. Printed in U.S.A. 09 08 07 06 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 0-8280-1947-9

Protestant Reformation of Christianity Essay - 899 Words

The renaissance period marked radical changes in many fields, this includes religion. The so-called Protestant Reformation was the split within western Christian Church initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestants. Calls for reform came form all sectors of the European society and it is this dissatisfaction that explains why the ideas of Martin Luther evoked such extreme responses, there was already a ready audience. Although there had been significant attempts at reform before Luther, the date usually given for the start of the Protestant Reformation is 1517, when Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses. As he developed his ideas, Luther gathered followers, who came to be called Protestants. The word protestant†¦show more content†¦Several men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement) badly damaged the prestige of the church leaders. Papal tax collection methods were also attacked, and so me criticized the papacy itself as an institution. Court records, written descriptions of bishop’s visitations of parishes and even popular songs and printed images show widespread anticlericalism, or opposition to the clergy. Much of the criticism towards the Roman Catholic Church was administrative rather than theological. In the early 16th century critics of the church concentrated their attacks on clerical immorality, clerical ignorance and clerical absenteeism. Charges of clerical immorality were aimed at a number of priests who were drunkards, neglected the rule of celibacy, gambled, or indulged in fancy dress. Charges of clerical ignorance applied to barely literate priests who delivered poor quality sermons and who were obviously ignorant of the Latin words of the Mass. In regards to absenteeism, many clerics, especially higher ecclesiastics/clergymen, held multiple offices simultaneously- a practice termed pluralism. However, they seldom visited the communities they served by the offices, let alone performed the spiritual responsibilities those offices were entailed. Instead, they collected revenues from all of the offices assigned to them and hired a poor priestShow MoreRelatedThe Catholic Reform ation And The Jewish Torah1229 Words   |  5 PagesReligion has been altered and developed throughout history. Christianity developed based on the Jewish Torah, also known as the Old Testament in the bible. Likewise, Christianity itself has evolved over the centuries. In order to survive, it has had to change and adapt. Not only have many religions and branches of Christianity become extinct over the centuries, but Christianity has also had to merge with the cultures of other religions. For example, Christmas was not originally a Christian holidayRead MoreThe Reformation : The Success Of The Catholic Reformation864 Words   |  4 Pages The Catholic Reformation was the response of the Protestant movement in the sixteenth century. By the sixteenth century, many people lost the trust for the Catholic Church because it was corrupt. Popes and Cardinals became involved in politics and were more like kings than spiritual leaders and Nepotism was rampant. This loss of trust led people t o moved on into other branches of Christianity which includes, Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism. Catholic Church’s realized it needed to re-establishRead MoreProtestant Reformation1706 Words   |  7 PagesPAPER 1 (PROTESTANT REFORMATION) DOUGLAS HOLLOWAY STUDENT ID# 23766838 CHHI 302_DO5_201340 FALL 2013 DR. KEITH GOAD LIBERTY UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 05, 2013 As a result of increased corruption in the Catholic Church, a significant number of priests in the 16th century tried to transform Christianity back to its previous Biblical basis and simplicity. Initially, priests channeled much of their efforts in reforming the church, but they discovered that it was very challenging, andRead MoreMartin Luther Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pageswhose teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines of Protestant and other Christian traditions. Martin Luther was born to Hans and Margaretha Luther on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Germany and was baptised the next day on the feast of St. Martin of Tours, after whom he was named. Luthers call to the Church to return to the teachings of the Bible resulted in the formation of new traditions within Christianity and the Counter-Reformation in the Roman Catholic ChurchRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church And The Protestant Reformation1496 Words   |  6 Pages There are many different denominations of Christianity in the world today including the Anglican Church, Orthodox Church, Catholicism, and Episcopal for example. Nonetheless, in the early 1500s, Catholicism was the predominant denomination. An argument that often comes up against the validity of Christianity is the actions of the Catholic church in the era prior to the Protestant Reformation. To quote Jesus Christ, â€Å"†¦build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.† (MatthewRead MoreThe Religious Conscience Of Europe1178 Words   |  5 Pagesminister to the needs of others. Communication resources have become the glue that holds together nations, corporations, faith communities and families. This has not always been true, the many events of the sixteenth century Reformation vastly influenced the development of Christianity. As the fifteenth century closed, it was clear that the church was struggling and in need of reform. Corruption of the papacy was widespread and distrust filled the minds of the people. Historian Justo Gonzalez stated,Read More Religious Controversy During the Time of Karl Marx Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagestime of the Communist Manifesto was very unstable; two events prior to this time that contributed to this instability are the Separation of Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic, and the Protestant reformations that took place. One of the most significant turning points in the history of European religion was the separation of Christianity into western and eastern religions. The Western Church became the Roman Catholic Church while the Eastern Church became the Eastern OrthodoxRead MoreA Secularization - The Effects Of The Early Reformation1083 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Secularization – The Effects of the Early Reformation† In Philip Benedict’s article in response to Brad Gregory’s novel, The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society; Benedict addresses the long-term effects that the early Reformation had on the modern world. The articles objective is to explain how things came to be as they are institutionally and ideology in the contemporary Western world and to provide an explanation of how the past became the present. AccordingRead MoreThe Divide between the Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformation832 Words   |  3 PagesThe Counter-Reformation was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation set in motion by Martin Luther. It was a period of revival for Catholicism stemming from the Council of Trent. The Council was established to address the numerous issues disputed by Protestantism, defining and reforming Church teachings, doctrine, and structure. Catholicism and Protestantism were also divided regarding the visual arts. The Protestant Reformation promoted iconoclasm, calling for the removalRead MoreThe Story of Christianity by Justo Gonzalez925 Words   |  4 PagesThe Story of Christianity is a book written by Justo Gonzalez; a native of Cuba. Gonzalez serves on the faculty of the Interdenominational Theological Center which is located in Atlanta Georgia. He attended Yale University, where he received his M.A. and Ph.D. in historical theology; in fact Dr. Gonzalez is the youngest person at Yale to be awarded a Ph.D. He is also one of the first generation Latino theologians and instead of growing up Catholic, comes from a protestant background. In addition

Hamlet - Ophelias Identity Essay - 1320 Words

Hamlet - Ophelias Identity There are volumes of critical analyses devoted to William Shakespeares Hamlet. As the title indicates, Hamlet is the main character of the play, but there are other characters who are also important to the plot. So much attention has been given to Hamlets antics that characters such as Ophelia remain relatively unexamined. Ophelia is a key figure in the play, and to understand her reactions to the patriarchal society in which she lives through her relationships with the men in her life adds more depth to the play. Ophelias character is revealed through her relationships with her father, Polonius, her brother, Laertes, and her lover, Hamlet, and their characters in turn are revealed through their†¦show more content†¦In the exchange between Laertes and Ophelia, one learns a great deal about Hamlet, as well. Laertes explains to his sister that she must consider Hamlets rank and position and know that he is not free to choose a bride for himself (1.3.19-26). He also cautions he r not put any faith in Hamlet, and the trifling of his favor / [and to] Hold it a fashion and a toy in blood, / A violet in the youth of primy nature (1.3.5-7). He means that Hamlet follows a passing whim where she is concerned, and that he does not truly love her. In other words, Laertes impresses upon Ophelia that Hamlet merely feels toward her the passion that is present in the springtime of youth. It is clear that Laertes believes he is telling his sister the truth about her situation with Hamlet because if he thought Hamlet would marry her Laertes would most likely encourage a relationship between them. Hamlet and Laertes are friends and if Hamlet married Laertes sister he would at some point enjoy the advantages of a brother-in-law of the King. While Laertes and Ophelia are talking, their father, Polonius, enters the room, and after some words of advice to his son, not the least of which is to be true to himself, Polonius bids him farewell. Polonius then turns to Ophelia and asks what it is that Laertes has said to her (1.3.57-89). Ophelia tells her father that Laertes has spoken to her of Hamlet, and Polonius responds that he has been informed of the time she spendsShow MoreRelatedThe Madness Of Hamlet And Ophelia1296 Words   |  6 PagesRyan Deng Emery AP English Literature Period 6 11 December 2015 The Madness of Hamlet and Ophelia Psychotic behavior is prevalent in Shakespeare’s Hamlet as two of his characters, Hamlet and Ophelia, exhibit madness during the play. The play commences after Claudius killed King Hamlet, leaving him in purgatory. Hamlet, after discovering this fact, feigns madness, which he calls an â€Å"antic disposition† (1.5.192) in his plot for revenge to ultimately free his father. Ophelia, on the other handRead MoreThe Symbolism Of Ophelia s Hamlet 1500 Words   |  6 Pagestext be read and interpreted differently by two different readers? Text Analyzed: Shakespeare’s Hamlet Part of the Course to Which the Text Corresponds to: Part 4 Thesis: In Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet, Ophelia’s role would be interpreted as a plot device by a modern English woman and as a victim by an Elizabethan woman. This would occur because of their understanding of the symbolism of Ophelia’s actions in madness, the context surrounding Hamlet’s view of her, and their characterization ofRead MoreThe Symbolism of Ophelias Death Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesIt is widely believed that â€Å"Living life without honor is a tragedy bigger than death itself† and this holds true for Hamlet’s Ophelia. Ophelia’s death symbolizes a life spent passively tolerating Hamlet’s manipulations and the restrictions imposed by those around her, while struggling to maintain the last shred of her dignity. Ophelia’s apathetic reaction to her drowning suggests that she never had control of her own life, as she was expected to comply with the expectations of others. Allowing theRead MoreThe Analysi s of the Character Ophelia on Hamlet Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Ophelia is the most static character in the play. Instead of changing through the course of the play, she remains suffering in the misfortunes perpetrated upon her. She falls into insanity and dies a tragic death. Ophelia has issues surviving without a male influence, and her downfall is when all the men in her life abandon her. Hamlet’s Ophelia, is a tragic, insane character that cannot exist on her own. In Elizabethan times, Ophelia is restricted as a woman. SheRead MoreOphelias Descent to Madness in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay858 Words   |  4 Pagescould not take care of themselves. Shakespeare’s Hamlet shows how men treated and thought of women during the 1500s. There was an order most did not interfere with; however, some did. In the 1500s, women were supposed to conform to men’s wishes. Throughout the play, Ophelia first obeyed her father and brother’s wishes, ignored the social norms later, and then went mad, which caused her to never gain her own identity. To stay in control, the men in Hamlet taught Ophelia to fear her every day, naturalRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1431 Words   |  6 Pagesplay â€Å"Hamlet,† we are introduced to the sorrow and tragic character of Ophelia. In spite of a comparatively marginal role throughout the play, Ophelia actually has quite a substantial impact on our understanding of the main character, Hamlet. With Ophelia’s highly controversial and often debated death, we are left to ponder about what truly constitutes action, attempting to make meaning of actions with relation to context. Specifically, through examining Gertrude’s description of Ophelia’s deathRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Ophelia s Struggle And Madness1088 Words   |  5 Pages1 Pregnant with Madness— Ophelia’s Struggle and Madness in Hamlet Yi-Chi Chen Intergrams 11.2(2011): http://benz.nchu.edu.tw/~intergrams/intergrams/112/112-cyc.pdf ISSN: 1683-4186 Abstract Madness in Hamlet is one of the crucial themes for Shakespeare to depict the chaotic turbulence in the Hamlet family and the court of Denmark. Due to Claudius’s usurpation of the Old Hamlet’s crown and queen, characters such as Hamlet, Ophelia, and Gertrude suffer seriously from betrayal, resentment, and enragementRead MoreEssay on The Character of Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe Character of Ophelia in Hamlet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespeares play, Hamlet, the character Ophelia plays an important role in the elaboration of the plot.   In the beginning, she is in a healthy state of mind, in love with Hamlet, yet controlled by her father.   During the play she has several troubling experiences involving Hamlet - causing her to become distressed.   The death of Ophelias father leaves her mentally unstable and in a state of madness that eventually leads to her own death.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1061 Words   |  5 PagesKylie Kwiatt Jaime Jordan Reading Shakespeare October 29, 2014 Hamlet through Feminist Lens In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character of Ophelia may be looked at and analyzed through a Feminist perspective. By using a Feminist lens, readers may observe the impact of patriarchal society and misogyny on the mind of a young lady doing her best to fit into the role of a Shakespearian-era woman. Women were expected to be virginal, yet sexual, subservient and inferior to men, and possessionsRead MoreGender Roles In Shakespeares Ophelia And Hamlet1258 Words   |  6 Pagesdefies these gender norms by creating characters in Hamlet, both male and female, that do not seem to be able to apply reasoning to their abilities and enforces the concepts of gender roles by writing Ophelia as a quiet and subordinate woman. The Great Chain of Being dictates that logic and reasoning are the defining factors that separate animals from humans. However, both Ophelia and Hamlet, two of the leading characters in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, seem to comply with the idea of reasoning , and thus

the letter a as a symbol in the scarlet letter Essay

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout the novel The Scarlet Letter there are many symbols. One of the biggest symbols of the novel is the scarlet letter A that Hester Prynne is sentenced to wear after she commits adultery. It is a symbol that is sewn onto her clothes for everyone to see. It is a punishment that is meant to humiliate her for the duration of the time that she stays in Puritanical Boston. During the novel, the scarlet letter changes and evolves from meaning adultery to meaning ability and even physically changes its form. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the beginning of the story, Hester is being punished for adultery, and is forced to wear the letter A on her bosom. It is shown so that people will know her as an†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Individuals...had quite forgiven Hester Prynne...It is our Hester, the town’s own Hester, who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick...† (149). Hester is protected from all evil that might be around her, and â€Å"had the effect of the cross on a nun’s bosom† (149). The letter became a symbol of love and respect, and meant something good. Hester is able to deal with the townspeople, and they see her and have a new liking for her. They seem to forgive her for everything that she has done, like it doesnt matter, or it never happened. If Hester ran away from Boston, it would have shown her weakness. It would have shown that people of the town had power over her, and could make her feel guilty. Running away would show everybody t hat she was ashamed, and wasnt really good enough to live among them. Staying in Boston showed the townspeople that she was able to overcome her shame and that adultery is a part of who she is as a person. By accepting her adultery Hester is able to move on, having learned from her experiences. At one point Hester says: â€Å"Were I to be quit of it, it would fall away of its own nature, or be transformed into something that should speak of a different purport† (155). This foreshadows that the letter A might show up in new ways. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The letter A shows up numerous times in The Scarlet Letter in many different ways. The letter is originally wonderfullyShow MoreRelatedSymbols In The Scarlet Letter1023 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish Language and Composition AP 06 June 2017 The Scarlet Letter Analysis In the book, â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† by Nathaniel Hawthorne, many symbols can be found. Hawthorne uses symbols such as the scarlet letter itself, which could represent things like determination, hard work, and a punishment. Another symbol he uses is the forest and the wilderness, which represents Hester and Pearl’s freedom from society as they explore the forest. The last symbol that seemed to have significance to me was Hester’sRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter List of Symbols946 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿The Scarlet Letter List of Symbols Scaffold- The scaffold is a place where most of the important scenes in the Scarlet Letter take place. It was placed under Boston’s earliest church and was made of wood and iron. The scaffold is a place of shame and punishment for anyone in the community that commits a sin. It is the most public place in the Puritan society and used for torture of the sinners as they walk up the steps and stand there for hours at a time. In the beginning it is where Hester isRead More Symbols in The Scarlet Letter Essay1814 Words   |  8 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symbols unlock the secrets of a story. Hawthorne, in The Scarlet Letter, uses many symbols to represent different things. Some symbols represent the same thing. The letter â€Å"A† has many meanings, each character has their own meanings, and even the different parts of nature are symbols. Also, apart from providing structure for the novel, each scaffold scene conveys something different. One could say, arguably, that nearly everything in The Scarlet Letter is a symbol for something else.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  InRead MoreLetter And Symbols In Hester Prynnes The Scarlet Letter963 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause she committed adultery beautifully. There are many symbols in the novel. The most obvious one being the letter itself. While the letter clearly represents the sin Hester committed, it later begins to represent a persons ability to change the meaning behind a terrible mishap. The scarlet letter is so beautifully embroidered onto Hesters clothing that Pearl admires the beauty of the embroidered letter, and it soon becomes a symbol of triumph as Hester defies odds because she is able to proveRead More Symbols and Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter1157 Words   |  5 PagesSymbols in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚   In nearly every work of literature, readers can find symbols that represent feelings, thoughts or ideas within the text.   Such symbols can be found in The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne.   Hawthornes book about an affair between a woman named Hester and a minister named Arthur Dimmmesdale is full of feelings of sin, guilt, hate, secrecy, and honesty.   There are many symbols within the novel that can be interpreted to represent the key topicsRead More Symbols and Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter1178 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism   in The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne isnt noted for perfecting any famous literary style, for writing multiple best sellers, or even for contributing largely to classic American literature.   His only real claim to fame is The Scarlet Letter: a novel that was originally only meant to be yet another Hawthorne short story.   Because of this, it actually possesses many short story characteristics.   It is simpler and more complete than his other novels. (James 285)   It also hasRead More Symbols and Symbolism in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay2336 Words   |  10 PagesThe Scarlet Letter. I. Symbolism A. Definition B. Style II. Symbolism in characters A. Hester B. Dimmesdale C. Chillingworth D. Pearl III. Symbolism in objects A. The scarlet letter B. The scaffold C. The forest D. The brook IV. Symbolic relations between characters and objects A. Characters and the scarlet letter B. Characters and the scaffold C. Pearl and the forest Nathaniel Hawthorne used symbolism to bring meaning into his book The Scarlet LetterRead MoreCharacters And Symbols In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1077 Words   |  5 Pagescommits very offensive and think she should receive a harsh punishment. The letter â€Å"A† represents her sin called adultery, but by the end of the book the letter â€Å"A† changes meanings. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne presents many symbols representing multiple characters and locations in the book. Throughout the book the meaning of the letter â€Å"A† starts to gradually change. As time passes the meaning of the letter â€Å"A† changes the way Hester views herself. Hester Prynne marries an older manRead More##bolism And Symbols In The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1107 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, there are many symbols, from objects to the characters in the story. These symbols are integral to helping give the reader a deeper look into the story. The Scarlet Letter, a story of love and sin, uses its symbols to give the reader a better understanding of the characters and events that take place. These symbols all hold important meanings; however, some of these meanings change depending on which character is interacting with said symbol. DependingRead MoreThe Symbol of Guilt in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter1835 Words   |  8 PagesThe scarlet letter is a symbol of guilt with the power to transform not only its wearer, but everyone involved in its inaugural scandal. Pearl and the lette r share a certain relationship, and at times seem to mirror each other, as they exhibit similar tendencies. As children of indignity alike, they unconsciously serve as emotional grim reapers, and together, they unwillingly carry out the supernatural mandate of punishment rationed to them through sadistic and demoniac means. Because the two chosen

Circle The Correct Answers free essay sample

As the people grew in numbers, they turned to the sea for a living and came daring and skilful sailors. Perhaps they learnt from the Egyptians how to build ships, and how to steer by the stars. They served the Egyptians for hundreds Of year, carrying their goods all over the eastern Mediterranean. Then about 1300 B. C. , when the power of the Pharaohs was passing away, they won their freedom. Soon they became the most important merchant people of the ancient world. Phoenicia never became a united country under a single ruler, but remained a string of City States, each with its king.The wealthiest were Tare, Sides, Bibles (now Gabble), Cocoa (Acre) indurate, where archaeologists have been digging since 1929. Hiram, king of Tare, was one of the most powerful Phoenician kings. He was a friend of King Solomon, and supplied him with materials and workmen to build the Temple at Jerusalem. 1. Syria is situated A. In northern Arabia B. In Asia minor C. Between Arabia and Asia Minor D. Between the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Sea In line 4, this refers to 2. A. The Syrian coast The Arabian coast The Asia Minor coast C. D. The Mediterranean coast 3. The Phoenicians were The original inhabitants of Syria The same race as the Hebrews C. Inland people People from outside Syria who had mixed with the natives of Syria. 4. The Phoenicians became a sea-faring people because fishing to agriculture B. Of limited land for agriculture . A. They preferred 8. C. Of the increase in their size of their population D. Both (b) and (c) 5. The phrase grew in numbers in line 9 can be replaced by increased B. Became strong C. Are numerous D. Expanded 6. The Phoenicians won their independence in 1300 B.C. From The merchant people The Egyptians King Hiram of Tare King Solomon 7. The word native in line 6 means Ancient Original Weaker Hebrew King Hiram Made Phoenicia a united country Ruled Tare, Sides, Bibles, Cocoa and Grit Was forced to help King Solomon build the Temple at Jerusalem D. Was a powerful king from Tare 9. The phrase merchant people line 15 can be replaced by Traders B. Egyptians C. Sailors D. Freedom-fighters 10. In the 20th century the city states of Phoenicia are important as A. Trading centers B. Archaeological sites C. Religious centers D. Tourist resorts Gorillas King amongst the man-like apes is the gorilla. This magnificent beast is the biggest of the monkeys. An old male may be up to six feet high when he stands upright, and a specimen of this size would weigh at least four underweight. When he stretched his arm wide apart he would span nine feet from finger-tip to finger-tip. The gorilla has a black face, and most of his hair is black; his eyes are small, and his ears are also small, hairless and pressed close to the sides of his head, like the ears or a man. Above his eyes his brow forms a ridge, which gives him a fierce expression.Gorillas are found in the tropical forests of West Africa. They live in family parties, consisting of one male with a number of wives and children. During the day they wander through the forest, feeding on fruit and vegetables, and at night he females and their young climb trees, where they sleep on platforms that they, make out of branches. The male sleeps at the foot of the tree, to protect his family. There are many stories about the fierceness of the gorilla, but they are not true. The gorilla is a harmless animal unless he is attacked, though he will sometimes steal a native farmers crops. . The word beast in line 2 refers to 3. 4. The apes The gorilla The monkeys animals The word upright in line 3 means Erect Ata standstill Stiffly Walking A gorilla weighs Four hundredweight at least More than four hundredweight Rarely four hundredweight At least four hundredweight when fully grown Which of the following feature when fully grown Its black face and hair Its small eyes and ears The fact that it measures nine feet from finger-tip to finger-tip D. Its ridged brow 5. The word expression in line 9 can be replaced by Impression 6. 7.Appearance Gesture Voice A family group of gorilla consists of One male, many females and children Many males, few females and children Females and children One female, many males and children Are nomadic Seldom move from place to place Always stay in one area Spend most of their lives on tree-tops Which is most important part played by the male gorilla? A. Finds the way B. Finds fruit and vegetables for his family C. Protects his family D. Makes platforms out of branches for his wives and children to sleep on 9. The word that is closest in meaning to harmless in line 17 is nonaggression B.Cowardly C. Innocent D. Safe 10. Which of the statements below is true? A. Gorilla are fierce-looking animals B. Many stories that are told proved the fierceness of gorillas C. Gorillas are in the habit of attacking men D. Gorillas are fierce because they steal the farmers crops Section A After eight hours at the wheel of the huge army lorry, the soldier was beginning to feel the strain. He knew how east it was for men who drive long distance to fall asleep white driving and he was anxious to reach his destination, a small town called Bridgewater, which was still some forty miles distant.The country road stretched away endlessly before him and time seemed to pass so slowly that the solider could hardly believe his eyes when, towards the end of the afternoon, ho approached the outskirts of the town. The lorry labored up a very steep hill and the soldier felt relieved and happy o see Bridgewater itself spreading out in front of him. He settled back comfortably in his seat as the lorry moved down the hill at a leisurely speed. Then, for some unaccountable reason, the lorry began to move very quickly. The soldier gently depressed the brake but this had no effect.He pressed it harder than ever, only to realize, to his horror, that the brakes were out of order! In a second, his sleepiness left him. The soldier gripped the wheel tightly as the lorry headed Wildly towards the town. He knew that if he tried to crash into the trees at the roadside, he would be running the risk of being ailed instantly, and he held on. Almost out of control now, the lorry swerved from side, narrowly missing telegraph-poles and trees. Houses appeared on either side of the road, and in an unbelievably short time, the lorry was hurtling through the centre of the town itself.People scattered to left and right as the lorry plunged through the High Street, its horn blaring loudly. The soldier steered the vehicle with such skill, that he just managed to pass cars that were coming in the opposite direction. A grocers boy on a bicycle appeared from a side-street and the soldier nearly hit a bus in his effort to avoid him. A few terrifying minutes passed before the man observed a hill just ahead. As the lorry went towards it, it began to slow down and the soldier brought it to a standstill at the road. He got out badly shaken, but safe at last. . Which title best suits the passage?A narrow escape M a moment of terror Accidents A skilful driver When did the soldier begin to feel the strain? He felt it after driving the whole morning He felt it when he was beginning to get bored He felt it after driving for eight hours He felt it when he was how far he had to go Why was the soldier anxious to reach his destination? He had not been home for a long time He was beginning to feel sleepy and tired The country road seemed to stretch away endlessly He did not like to drive long distance When did he realize that the brakes of the lorry were out of odder? A. He realized it when he wanted to change gear.B. He realized it when he wanted to slow down at the junction C. He realized it when the lorry began to move very quickly D. He realized it when he heard an unusual sound 5. Why did the writer say that the soldier could hardly believe his eyes when he approached the outskirts of the town? A. It was because the journey seemed to come to an end all off sudden B. It was because the scene had changed It was because the place seemed deserted It was because the road had been straightened To drive at a leisurely speed means To drive very slowly TO drive recklessly To drive at a moderate speed To drive as one wishes 7.Why did the lorry swerve from side to side? The soldier drove it carelessly The road was too winding One of the tires had a puncture The lorry was out of control Why did the soldier decide against driving the lorry into the trees at the side of the road? A. He did not wish to ruin the trees B. The trees were planted by the municipality and he would be fined C. He might be killed D. Some children were playing under the trees 9. Why did he blare his horn loudly while driving through the town? A. He wanted to attract attention B. He wanted to warn motorist and pedestrian about the lorry which was out of control C.He liked and enjoyed making a loud noise D. He wanted everyone to give way to him so that he might reach home faster 10. To a standstill means A. To stand very still B. To stand by the roadside C. To stop entirely D. To stand in silence Section B The animal population in African is decreasing, and many species of animals are facing extinction. The elephants, lions, rhinoceros, giraffe and many other animals are fast disappearing and may never be seen again. Something must be done to save these wonderful gifts of Nature and prompt action is essential. One of the chief reasons is illegal hunting and poaching.The African natives have been responsible for destroying nearly a million animals in a year. These animals are killed not for food but for their hide, tusk and horn which always find a ready market. That these animals are not killed for their meat is shown by the fact that thousands of animal carcasses are left to rot in the scorching equatorial plains, providing food only hungry vultures. The methods employed by the native poachers to catch the animals are cruel for they kill the animals so slowly that victims can remain in agony for several days. Many of these poachers are seldom brought to book.It is very difficult to track down a poacher and the tedious man hunt may continue for several days. When a poacher is aware that he is being followed he puts up false tracks to mislead his pursuer. One of the best ways to prevent poaching and to preserve the lives of these animals is to set up a large animal reserve where the animals are free to am and where they can be better protected from poachers. The African animals must be preserved at all cost otherwise there will be nothing left for posterity. 1. Give one important reason why the African animals are facing extinction A. The land is dry and arid B.There are too many animals within a small area C. The native poachers kill them for their hide, tusks and horns D. The animals are constantly plagued by diseases 2. What proof is there to show that the animals are not killed for their meat? A. Thousands of carcasses are left on the plains for the vultures B. The natives do not like the meat of the lions or elephants C. The meat of these animals cannot be sold D. The native keep these animals as pets 3. Why is it very difficult to arrest a poacher? A. This area is covered with thick jungle B. The poacher lives in the mountain C. The villagers help to hide him D.The poacher puts up false tracks to mislead his pursuers, besides, the area is large one and the hunt may take several days without success 4. Replace the expression prompt action is essential with beat . A Must do ones 5. Must hurry without delay Immediate action is very necessary It is necessary to be punctual In what way can the animals be preserved for posterity? They can be preserved in the museum They can be bought as pets They can be exported to other countries The government can set up a large animal reserve where no one can hunt or poach, and where animals are free to roam 6. Victims can remain in agony for several days means . A. The animals return to their dens to die when they are shot B. The suffering animals die when they are trapped C. The animals that are trapped do not die at once but suffer terribly for many days before they die D. The remains of the carcass are left on the ground 7. he puts up false tracks to mislead his pursuers means ay brush away his footprints or other signs of his presence so that those trying to arrest him may think he has gone another way, thus making trying to arrest him may think he has gone another way, thus making it very difficult to find him B.He disguises himself so that the police may not recognize him C. He uses different tires so that the prints will confuse his pursuers D. He uses differentiations paths so that his pursuers chase him in circles 8. Why does the writer say that the man hunt is a tedious one? A It is a very tiring job B. It requires a party of hunters C. The hunters have to climb mountains and ford rivers D. It is a dull, uninteresting job and may take days to complete it 9. Why does the writer think that animals must be left for posterity? A. He is a lover of animals B. He think that every country must have a zoo C.He thinks that man has no right to kill animals D. He says that animals are wonderful gifts of Nature and every one living in the future has a right to know what animals are like and to enjoy them ID. The African animals must be preserved at all cost means are very costly to feed . A. They B. They require a great deal of care C. NO matter how difficult, how costly, how inconvenient, the animals must not be killed D. Even if they are dangerous Elizabethan day started at 5. 30 a. M. , when she would go to the wards, visit the group of patients assigned to her and wash them before Mme Charier came round at 6. 15.As soon as this was over, there would be a quick dash back to the dormitory for bed-making. Breakfast consisted of a mug of coffee and bread. The coffee had to be purchased from the superintendent, Mme Blocked, and the bread was the remains of a large loaf which was doled out to each girl at noon and had to last twenty-four hours. There were two main meals-?one at noon the other in the evening. These, Elizabeth wrote, were eaten to: the music of Mme Blockers voice, which keeps up a storm the whole After their rather scanty breakfast, the students were back on the wards for the doctors rounds at eight o clock. Elizabeth thought the chief physician a pompous little man, but she found Dry Dubos, the consultant who came to give lectures later in the morning, an excellent teacher. He turned out to be the leading medical man who had helped to bar her from attending the lectures for which she had applied when she first arrived in Paris. But now, when came to know Elizabethan quality as a serious student, his admiration and respect were aroused. He begged her to extend her time of training at the Maternity Hospital from the three months she had in mind to a year.He assured her that, at the end of that time, she would be the best qualified doctor in practical maternity work anywhere in the world. At that time no one knew what caused wounds to suppurate and why many of the mothers who came to hospital to have their babies died of childbirth fever. This fever was caused by an infection, which often developed into blood poisoning; it spread because of lack of hygiene in wards and among attendants. That there were rather fewer deaths from this cause in theMaternity Hospital than elsewhere was probably due to the insistence on a good standard of cleanliness, though no one, of course, dreamed of the necessity of sterilizing instruments or linen. 1 . Elizabethan day started at 5. 30 a. M. means . A Elizabeth got out of bed at 5. 30 a. M. Elizabeth began her work at 5. 30 a. M. Elizabeth ate her breakfast at 5. 30 a. M. They day dawned at 5. 30 a. M. At what time did the students eat their breakfast? A. At 8. 00 a. M. At 6. 15 a. M. C. At 5. 30 a. M. Between 6. 30 a. M. And 8. 00 a. M. Choose the correct Statement. The students had a rich breakfast every morning The students had coffee and bread for breakfast The students had only coffee for breakfast The students had a large loaf of bread for breakfast The students ate their meals to the music of Mme Blockers voice, which keeps up a storm the whole . It means . A. Mme Blocked sang while the students were eating their meals B. Music was played by Mme Blocked while the students were eating C. Mme Blocked was shouting or scolding someone all the time D. A storm was raging all the time 5.Who had helped to bar Elizabeth from attending the lectures she had applied for? A. The chief physician B. Dry Dubos C. Mme Blocked D. Mme Charier 6. Dry Dubos begged Elizabeth to extend her time of training at the Maternity Hospital because he . A. Liked her B. Noticed that she was a serious student and wanted to help to train her C. Disliked her and wanted to keep her longer at the hospital as a punishment D. Thought Elizabeth Was a slow student who needed more time to learn 7. How long did Elizabeth intend to stay at the maternity Hospital? A. Three months 9. Six months Nine months One year Suppurate means Form pus Become painful Become red Become well Many of the mothers who came to hospital to have their babies died Of childbirth fever because . A. The doctors were not fully capable B. The whole hospital was unhygienic C. The food in the hospital was poor D. Blood poisoning was a common disease 10. At the Maternity Hospital; there were fewer deaths from childbirth fever than elsewhere. Why? A. The instruments and linen were Sterilized B. The hospital insisted on cleanliness C. The doctors and nurses were more efficient D.They had better drugs Mount Everest, which is 29028 feet above the sea-level, is the highest mountain in the world. Airmen had flown over it and taken fine photographs, UT it was not until the summer of 1953 that the top was reached on foot. Nearly thirty years earlier, on June 8th, 1 924, two Englishmen, Mallory and Irvine, were seen by a friend below them to be only about 800 feet from the top, and they were still going forward and upward. But they never returned. Whether they lost their lives on the way up, or, after success, on the way down, none can tell. Now there is little hope that we shall ever know.

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Questions: 1. The issue in this situation is to determine whether jack is entitled to enforce clause 13 with respect to the condition of carriage so that he may be able to gain compensation for being forced to vacate the flight? 2. The issue in this case is to determine whether Smithys Fine Jewelers can rely on the exclusion clause which excludes their liability for any loss to the consumers. 3. The issue in this case is to determine whether Smithys Fine Jewelers can rely on the exclusion clause which excludes their liability for any loss to the consumers. 4. The issue in this case is to find out whether statement made by Smithyin relation to the nickel content in the watch is considered as false misrepresentation? Answers: Answer 1: Law: An electronic transaction can be considered as valid transaction under section 8 of the Electronic Transactions (Queensland) Act 2001. This section states, transaction cannot be considered as invalid transaction under state of law, just because transaction took place from 1 or more electronically transactions As stated above, there is difference between offer and supply of information, and this difference can be understood through case law Harvey v Facey [1893] UKPC 1, [1893] AC 552. In this case, Court stated that indication of lowest price cannot be considered as offer. Rather it was considered as offer to treat. For the purpose of ensuring the certainty of terms in online contracts court considers intentions of the parties. In case law Goldstein v. Jumbo Corporation Limited [2006] VCAT 2472, court stated that parties were bound to the terms of the agreement if they click the button of I Agree In the case of eBay International AG v Creative Festival Entertainment Pty Limited) [2006] FCA 1768 the court had to determine the question that whether terms on a website would be considered as a part of the contract. The court used the common law principles in this case to determine the issue which states that the party to a contract cannot be relying on terms of a contract if all what was necessary was not done by the incorporator to bring the term to the attention of the parties. The court thus in this case ruled that to make a party rely on condition which were not adequately brought to their notice is a misleading or deceptive conduct. In addition the case ruled that the basic rights of the consumers have to be considered by the sellers before making a contract. Application: In the present case, contract exists between Jack and airlines as the offer made by the AusFly was accepted by Jack and there was a valid consideration. The contract was only formed when Jack had made the payment for booking the flight. Therefore, in the present case there is valid contract between Jack and airlines, and terms of this contract are binding on parties. For the purpose of determining whether a term has been properly incorporated into a contract or not it has to be analyzed that when the term was brought to the notice of the party. If the term was brought to the notice of the party before the contract was formed it becomes a part of the contract. In the case of --- it was provided that anyone who signs a contract is bound to it terms even if they did not know about them, however there should not be any misrepresentation or fraud involved in the contract. Thus Jack is bound to the contractual terms with AusFly if there is no Misrepresentation as he has accepted the contract based on the Goldstein case principles by clicking I agree. However, it is the obligation of airlines to consider the basic rights of buyer while making the online contract and any provision which contravenes the basis right of buyer will not be considered as valid provision as per the principles of the Ebay case. Which was also done by AusFly through Clause 13. There was no misrepresentation in including the clauses into the contract. As per clause 13 of the contract, passenger cannot recover the amount of seat vacant if passenger fails to meet the check in deadline. Jack fails to meet the check in deadline, and not able to recover the cost because clause 13 is also applicable on jack. In addition clause 6 states that timing related to check-in is strictly imposed and the reservation may be cancelled, passengers may be refused to be carried and service fee may be required. The clause is also valid as it allows for damages provided by law. Conclusion: There is valid contract between the parties, and jack is bound by the terms of the contract by clicking the button of I Agree. Therefore, jack cannot enforce clause 13 of the contract. Answer 2: Law: Schedule 2 of Competition and Consumer Act 2010, introduce new provisions related to unfair terms. Section 23 of the Act states, term of contract is considered as unfair term if such term is unfair and contract is standard form of contract. Section 24 of the Act states, term of contract is unfair if such term result in imbalance in the rights and obligations of the parties, term cause detriment to the party, and not necessary for protecting the legitimate interest of the party. Application: In the present case, clause 13 stated that passengers are not able to recover their compensation related to the vacant seat if passengers fail to meet the check in deadline. Consumer contracts are those contracts which are entered between the parties to the contract for the supply of goods and services. In case law, Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v AAPT Limited (Civil Claims) [2006] VCAT 1493 Court stated, acquisition of goods and services must be by natural person for the purpose of determining the actual use of the goods. It must be noted that standard form of contracts are not defined by the unfair terms of the contract, and in general form this contract is considered that type of contract which is formed by the one party and not subject to negotiation between the parties. In other words, it is offered on the basis of take it or leave it. In the present case, contract between jack and airlines is standard form of contract because in this contract is formed by Ausfly airlines and there is no scope of negotiation. As stated in section 24, clause 13 of the terms and conditions can be considered as unfair term because this term cause detriment to the jack and it is not necessary for the enforcement of the contract, and this term is stated under the standard form of the contract. Therefore, clause 13 can be considered as unfair term under section 23 of the Act. Conclusion: Under section 23 of the Act, if term is of unfair nature and stated under standard contract, then such term can be considered as unfair term. Answer 3: Law: Exclusion clauses are those clauses which state that one party to the contract will not be held responsible for specific events or happenings. It must be noted that these clauses can be considered as valid clause only if: These clauses are properly incorporated under the contract. These clauses are not contrary to the law. These clauses have to be brought to the attention of the other party with all reasonable efforts Application: In the present case, board behind the counter stated that Smiths would not be held responsible for any personal injury caused because of smithy, its agents, contractors, and employees. In the case of Causer v Browne it was ruled by the court that exclusion clause has to be notified to the buyer which in this case was as Jack had seen the clause in the shop before the contract had been formed. Smithy cannot rely on this exclusion because this exclusion clause is not valid, as it is contrary to the law and not included in the contract. For the purpose of properly incorporated the exclusion clause in the contract, it is necessary that clause must not be stated after the contract has been made. This can be understood through case law Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd. (1971) 1 All ER 686. In this case court stated that driver of the car who collects the ticket from the machine was only bound by the terms of the ticket if such terms would inform him before signing the contract. In other words, owner of the parking were can rely on the exclusion clause if such clause was already informed to the driver by the owner. In this case, jack is aware about the exclusion clause as it is assumed to be visible behind the counter. Exclusion clause must be legal, which means Act imposed some important obligations on trader which must be compiled by the trader and cannot be excluded through any clause. However, some of these obligations are stated below: Goods supplied by the trader must be fit for the purpose for which such goods are manufactured by the manufacturer. Goods must match with the description of the goods, whether such description is given in writing or verbally. In some cases, seller of the goods provide extra guarantee related to the characteristics, quality, and performance of the goods. It is necessary that goods must match with that special guarantee (ACCC, n.d.). In this case as per s 3, 64, 54 of the ACl the goods were not of acceptable quality which is a legal ability and cannot be excluded In this case a per s54 of the ACL the watch contained nickel which was not fit for the asked purpose for jack and as this is a legal liability it cannot be excluded. It was described by the seller that the watch did not contain nickel which it did and this is a breach of legal liability under s56 and cannot be excluded. In this case, Exclusion clause is not valid because exclusion clause is not legal because it excludes some statutory obligations of the trader. Clause stated on the board exclude the above stated guarantees because employee of smith clearly states that watch is free from nickel. In actual watch contains nickel and it cause severe physical injury to jack. Therefore, smithy cannot rely on this exclusion clause. Conclusion: Smithy cannot rely on exclusion clause because clause is not included in the contract and it is not valid it excludes some statutory obligations of the trader. Answer 4: Law: Section 18 of the ACL states that any person included in trade or commerce must not engage in misleading or deceptive conduct. Section 29 of the Act states that any person in trade or commerce and with connection with the supply of goods or services must not made any false representation related to the goods that goods are of particular standard or particular characteristics. Application: In the present case, employee of Smith make false representation related to characteristics of the goods. As she stated that watch does not include nickel and it is purely manufactured from steel. In actual watch contains nickel and cause severe injury to the Jack. Statement is considered as false representation if such statement include following elements: Seller knows that statement is not right. Buyer enter into contract by rely on that statement. Buyer suffer damage from the representation made by seller. Conclusion: In the present case, all essential elements are present. Therefore, Smith is liable for false representation under section 29. Issue 5: the issue in this case is to find out whether jack is entitled for damages in relation to AusFly and Smithys Fine Jewellers. Law: If the consumer guarantees provided by the ACL are breached the consumers are entitled to gain a repair, refund, replacement of the product. In case of any additional damage caused by the product as it was not fit for the purpose asked the consumers may also claim the additional personal damage. In case of a contractual breach the party has the right to rescind the agreement which meas to repudiate it and also claim compensation for any losses. Application: Under section 23 of the Act, if term is of unfair nature and stated under standard contract, then such term can be considered as unfair term. In this Jack has following remedies: Jack can terminate the contract. Jack claim for damages. In this jack can file claim against the airlines for unfair term in the contract and sue airlines for damages. In case of smith jack can claim for personal injury caused because of the false representation made by smithys employee and the breach of consumer guarantees Conclusion: jack can claim for damages from both Ausfly airlines and smithy jewelers References: ACCC. Consumer Guarantee. Retrieved on 7th September 2017 from: https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Consumer%20Guarantees%20A%20guide%20for%20consumers_0.pdf ACL. Terms of a Contract. Retrieved on 7th September 2017 from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/scope-terms.html ACL. Unfair terms. Retrieved on 7th September 2017 from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/unfair.html Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Section 18. Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Section 23. Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Section 24. Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Section 29. Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v AAPT Limited (Civil Claims) [2006] VCAT 1493. eBay International AG v Creative Festival Entertainment Pty Limited (ACN 098 183 281) [2006] FCA 1768. Electronic Transactions (Queensland) Act 2001- section 8. Goldstein v. Jumbo Corporation Limited [2006] VCAT 2472. Harvey v Facey [1893] UKPC 1, [1893] AC 552. Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd. (1971) 1 All ER 686.